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除了为企业解决现有问题之外，为企业开发高价值的新项目，是我很久以来思考的问题。为此，2018年上半年，我基本上停掉了所有的研讨会举办。从去年12月到现在的五月份，历时半载，阅读了300多篇专利和500多篇塑料新闻。其间，由于要弄懂文献的有关原理和某些细节，又参考阅读了大量书籍。还就文献中的有关工艺和问题，咨询了很多专业朋友，参观了很多车间现场。确定对我们产业有价值有针对性的项目，是比较繁琐和困难的。经过认真比较和思考，我选出了近百个项目作为这次项目研讨会的推荐项目。
这些项目的选择原则是，第一，目前国内正在兴起的项目，如发泡PP。这类项目技术主要掌握在国外公司手中，只有少数国内公司掌握了关键技术。但是，还还有待深化，而且也有待普及，争取有更大规模的发展。第二，有些项目国内虽然不少公司在做，但是，一些关键环节不够到位，一些关键性能较差。因此，推荐的项目中，向大家推荐更多的解决这类问题的思路和技术，如高浓度填充和高浓度增强技术，共混排气技术。第三，一些项目涉及到复杂的综合性能，往往很难兼顾，如高光泽与高冲击，高流动与高冲击，高冲击与高刚性，等等。解决这类问题的关键是要合理使用协同和对抗技术。同时，原材料与工艺的选择也很重要，普通原料和设备有时难以实现复杂的综合性能。因此，我们也希望借助这类项目推动国内细分树脂的开发。第四，对结构化改性技术和项目给予了充分注意。目前改性的一个很大方向就是结构化改性，所谓结构化改性，就是由简单的共混、合金等宏观均质化的共混改性向宏观非均质化、结构复合的方向发展，如预浸料，层合片材，蜂窝板，多孔微球，热膨胀微球，微胶囊颗粒等。第五，对光热老化水解等技术难点技术问题给予充分关注。这类问题难在它是一个深浅不一的系列问题。随着对这类问题机理的深入认识，一些优秀的专用助剂不断上市了，对基体树脂端基和界面的结构控制也发现具有效果。第六，贡献差异化要素的一些助剂和工艺也为改性塑料提供了增值空间，如新型耐刮擦助剂、特效颜料的功能强化、耐析出润滑剂和抗静电剂等，高光和消光的方法，玻纤增强半透明乃至透明材料等。第七，对热固性塑料有少量涉及，这是我们论坛要逐渐熟悉和服务的一个未来发展方向，因为热固性塑料和热塑性塑料的融合趋势越来越明显，主要表现在热固性塑料的加工工艺不断为热塑性塑料所借鉴，并且热塑性塑料逐渐替代热固性塑料的大势也是不可逆转的。
对于这些项目，我们将推荐给有资质有兴趣的一些与会企业来做。具体做法如下，第一，目前项目划分为8个大类，45个小类，94个项目。每个公司可以参加多个类别和项目，也可以由多个公司合作参与开发。第二，金基争锋公司参与到所有的项目指导开发，帮助落实条件建设，如特殊聚合物原材料开发所需要的聚合装置和公司，一些特殊助剂和设备，还有熟悉关键技术的高校和企业。第三，中间，我们还会组织一些项目进展研讨，可以是会议，或者小型切磋。第四，一年后，我们要组织一次大型研讨会，总结和检验这些项目的开发成果。第五，这些项目及其开发成果属于项目开发公司和绍兴金基争锋塑料技术有限公司，具体利益比例将与项目实施公司私下商量。
本次项目会议将于2018年6月29、30两天在苏州工业园区仁爱路99号西交利物浦国际会议中心举办，远处参会的可以于28日下午提前报到。具体通知内容，大家可以参看本公众号在5月25日发泡的邀请函。欢迎大家参加本论坛的项目会议，深化塑料技术开发，促进塑料产业再繁荣。
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（以下正文）
Mark DeMeuse – May 21, 2018
Colored polymer components provide both functionality and aesthetics in many applications. For example, colors are often used to differentiate between product type, size, and model.
在许多应用上，组分既提供功能，也提供美观。例如，颜色常常用于差异化产品类型、大小和模式。
Color can also provide compounds with a cosmetic quality appearance or an eye-catching special effect look. However, there are certain intricacies and potential problems that can arise when incorporating color into a polymer.
颜色还提供共混物以化妆品般的质量外观或引人注目的特效。但是，当在聚合物中导入颜色时，会有某些复杂的、潜在的问题存在。
Fundamentals must be observed if things are to work properly. This is because the discipline of coloring plastics is more complex than what is commonly thought and there is a science to the process.
基本原理必须要了解，以便确认事情是否弄对了。这是因为着色塑料的规律比通常想象的要更复杂，它存在一个工艺科学。
Let's take a look at the fundamentals of the coloring process and ways to overcome problems that can arise when attempting to color polymers.
让我们看一样着色工艺的基本原理，以及着色聚合物时克服问题的方法。
Developing Full Proof Colorant Package for a Polymer
开发完全成熟的聚合物着色剂包
When working with all types of polymers, color and appearance must be adequately engineered, just like any other desired thermal or mechanical property. The ability to achieve the desired color can be affected by the polymer itself or the combination with:
当涉及所有类型的聚合物时，颜色和外观必须正确进行工程化处理，就像对待任何别的所要求的热和力学性能那样。能否达到所需要的颜色，可能受聚合物本身或下述综合因素的影响：
• Other polymers聚合物
• Modifiers改性剂
• Additives, or助剂或
• Stabilizers稳定剂
Even if the color can be achieved in the particular system of interest, other performance attributes such as UV stability, flammability or mechanical properties may be adversely affected as well.
即使颜色可以满足特定系统的要求，别的性能特征，例如UV稳定性，阻燃或力学性能也可能受到负面影响。
There are several key items that are essential in developing a colorant package for any polymer.
对于任何聚合物，开发着色剂包，都有一些基本的关键方面需要注意。
#1. Avoid any Chemical Incompatibility
#1.避免任何化学不相容性
The first item to be considered is the avoidance of any chemical incompatibility between the chemistry of the polymer and the chemistry of the colorant system. Melt processing of a polymer involves the use of significantly elevated temperatures and large inputs of mechanical energy. Chemical reactions proceed more rapidly at elevated temperatures and, therefore, any chemical interactions that can occur between a polymer and a colorant system will happen very rapidly during a process like injection molding.
要考虑的首要方面是避免聚合物化学与着色剂系统化学的任何化学不相容性。熔融加工一个聚合物涉及到较高的温度和使用较多的机械能。在高温下，化学反应进展更快，因此，在类似注塑的过程中，聚合物与着色剂系统之间的化学作用可能很快发生。
An example of this type of negative interaction occurs between polycarbonate and TiO2, a primary ingredient in white colorants. However, in this case, it is not really the TiO2 that is the issue but compounds such as hydroxides of aluminum and potassium that are constituents of the mineral that is removed from the ground.
这类副作用的一个例子发生在聚碳酸酯和TiO2之间，而TiO2是一个主要的白色着色剂组分。
These hydroxides are chemically basic in nature and polycarbonate does not withstand well in environments where bases are present. When polycarbonate is exposed to typical processing temperatures of 300°C and greater, degradation occurs rapidly. To overcome this issue, suppliers of TiO2pigments treat the material to neutralize the basic components that are present in the TiO2.
这些氢氧化物是化学碱性的，聚碳酸酯不能忍受碱性环境。当PC曝露于大于300℃的典型加工温度时，降解就快速发生了。为了克服这个问题，钛白粉颜料供应商处理该材料以中和存在于钛白粉中的碱性成分。
TiO2着色剂
In some instances, the adverse interaction or reaction is not between the base polymers and the colorant but with a minor constituent in the material. For example, cadmium-free red colorants can be used with a general purpose glass-filled nylon.
在某些例子中，负面作用或反应不是存在于基体聚合物和着色剂之间，而是存在于聚合物与材料中的微量组分之间。例如，无镉红色着色剂可以用于普通的玻纤填充尼龙中。
On the other hand, when these same pigments are used with impact-modified grades of nylon, problems with the loss of ductility are observed. The conclusion is that the same colorant that works well for general purpose nylon is not suitable for use with the same formulation with impact modification.
但是，另一方面，当这些同样的哦颜料用于冲击改性剂牌号时，韧性损失的问题就出来了。结论是，同样的着色剂，用于通用尼龙效果很好，但是不适合同样配方的冲击改性。
#2. Check the Thermal Stability of the Colorant System
#2.检查着色剂系统的热稳定性
The next consideration in selecting a colorant system fora particular plastic is the thermal stability of the colorant system that isbeing utilized. The chemistry of the colorant system needs to be capable ofsurviving the temperature at which the polymer formulation is going to beprocessed. Thus, a colorant that can be used for polyolefins like polyethylene or polypropylene, where processing temperatures will berelatively low, may not be suitable for a polymer such as a polycarbonate or polysulfone, for which typical processing temperatures aresignificantly higher.
对于特定的塑料选用某个着色系统的第二个考虑是所用着色系统的热稳定性。着色剂系统的化学结构需要能忍受聚合物配方体系加工温度。
It is important to select a colorant system that can tolerate the processingtemperatures that are being utilized.
重要的是要选用一个着色剂体系能忍受所使用的加工温度。
#3. Control the Amount of Colorant Used
#3.控制着色剂的用量
The retention of good mechanical properties is a function of the amount of thecolorant that is incorporated into the base polymer. Colorants can act ascontaminants to the polymer in that regard, but often they are tolerated ascontaminants because they assist in the achievement of the desired effect.
好的力学性能的保留与加入到基体树脂中的着色剂的量有关。着色剂可以成为树脂的污染物，但是这些着色剂被容忍作为一种污染物，因为它们有助于达成所需要的效果。
But, for each specific combination of polymer and colorant, there is a certainconcentration limit as to how much color can be added before the properties ofthe base polymer are negatively affected. In most instances, the first polymerproperty that is usually affected is the ductility. An addition of 1 - 2 % of acolorant is usually not detrimental to the polymer properties as long as there is acceptable chemical compatibilitybetween the polymer and the colorant. However, amounts of the colorant abovethat level should be generally avoided to guarantee that there is no loss inthe properties of the base polymer.
但是，对于特定的聚合物和着色剂组合，在基体树脂的性能受到负面影响之前，存在着色剂的添加量限度。在许多情况下，通常受影响的首要性质是韧性。添加1-2%的着色剂通常无害于聚合物性能，只要在聚合物与着色剂之间具有可接受的相容性。但是，高于那个水平的着色剂的量通常应该避免，以保证基体树脂的性能没有损失。
#4. Consider the Effect of Colorant on Crystallinity ofPolymer
#4.考虑着色剂对结晶的影响
An effect of a colorant on a polymer’s behavior thatneeds to be considered is the influence of the colorant on the manner in whichthe crystallinity develops in a semi-crystalline polymer. Many colorants arenatural nucleating agents for polymers such as polypropylene. Nucleation typically changes the crystal structure ofthe material and also changes the mechanical performance, shrinkage and cycletime in injection molding processes.
着色剂对聚合物行为的影响所需考虑的是，着色剂对结晶在半结晶聚合物中形成方式的影响。许多着色剂是聚合物的天然成核剂，如是聚丙烯的成核剂。成核一般改变材料的结晶结构，也改变力学性能、收缩和注塑的循环时间。
In general, nucleated materials can be cycled faster and they shrink less thanthe corresponding non-nucleated polymers. At the same time, they also tend tohave a lower impact resistance. This is a direct result of the manner in whichthe colorants change the crystal structure of the base polymer.
一般地，经过成核处理的材料可以更快循环成型，因此，它们的收缩小于相应的非成核聚合物。同时，它们也倾向于具有更低的耐冲击性。这是着色剂改变基体聚合物结晶结构的一个直接结果。
#5. Incorporate the Colorant in the Optimum Manner
#5.优化加入着色剂
The manner in which the color is incorporated into the base resin is alsoimportant. Colored polymer components can be produced from masterbatchconcentrates in which the color is blended into the natural polymer prior to molding or extruding.
着色剂加入到基体树脂的方式也很重要。着色聚合物组分可以用母粒生产，该方法是，在注塑或挤出前，将着色组分掺混到基体树脂中。
In addition, they can be made by the use of precolored polymers via meltblending and compounding. For example, engineering resins that require highmasterbatch let down ratios benefit from precoloring because pigments arecompletely polymerized into a resin package and are used as supplied.
此外，这些着色塑料也可以通过通过熔体掺混和共混对聚合物预着色加以制造。例如，需要高浓度母粒稀释比的工程树脂，可以受益于预着色，因为颜料完全聚合到树脂包中了，所买即所用。（廖注：颜料完全聚合到树脂包中，此话有毛病。一般在聚合中，不适宜加入颜料，因为这样会改变聚合历程，使其工艺复杂化，难以控制。作者的本意应该是“分散”而非聚合，因为熔体掺混和共混中，聚合过程已经结束了）。
聚合物色母粒
Select the Right Coloring Method
选择正确的着色方法
Selection of one coloring method over the other depends on factors, such as:
选择哪种着色方法取决于下列因素，例如：
• Economics经济性
• Secondary operations, and二次加工，以及
• End application of the colored product着色产品的终端应用
Fully compounded color is often the preferred method. This is because, it bypasses the problems that often arise when color is added as a minor second ingredient in the form of a pellet, concentrate, a dry color or a liquid. Many of those issues are associated with the attainment of a uniform dispersion of the color throughout the polymer and, hence, the final product.
完全共混的颜色常常是优的方法。这是因为，它不必考虑常常出现的这样问题，那就是，当添加某种颜色作为微小的第二组分而这种组分又是粒子、母粒、一种干色粉或一种液体形态。许多这些问题与获得颜色在整个聚合物中的一种均匀分散有关，因此也与追中产品有关。
But, the economics of the coloring of the polymer where the part is being manufactured is more favorable for several reasons. These include a lower cost per pound as well as shorter lead times that are associated with the final product or products.
但是，部件制造时聚合物着色的经济性有几个原因更加有利。这些原因包括，单位重量的较低成本，以及较短的交货时间，其与最终产品或产品有关。
It does need to be remembered that the color represents a separate ingredient in the polymer formulation. To obtain the best results, the carrier resin for the color needs to be compatible with the base resin with which it is being mixed. For example, this means that if coloring of polycarbonate is desired, the color concentrate pellets should be made of polycarbonate, not polyethylene or polypropylene. This will help guarantee that the dispersion of the colorant is uniform throughout the polymer.
的确需要记住，颜色代表了一种聚合物配方中一种独立的组分。为了获得最好的结果，载体树脂需要与一起共混的基体树脂相容。例如，这意味着，假如聚碳酸酯需要着色，色母粒粒子应该用聚碳酸酯制造，而不是聚乙烯或聚丙烯。这有助于确保着色剂的分散在整个聚合物中是均匀的。
However, there is no such thing as a universal carrier resin. Very few polymers generally mix well with other polymers. If the control over the proper ratio of the materials in the final mixture is not optimal, the amount of contaminant that is represented by the color will fluctuate and problems can develop. These issues can be reduced through the use of metering weight feeders that will minimize the variation in the loading level of the color in the final product.
但是，没有万能的载体树脂这样的东西。很少有聚合物能与别的聚合物混合好的。如果对混合物中材料的正确比例没有恰当的控制，由着色剂所代表的污染物的量就会波动和出现问题。这些问题可以通过使用剂量失重喂料机加以减少，它最小化了最终产品中着色剂含量的波动。
Ensure Good Mixing of Color with Optimized Molecular Weight of Carrier Resin
确保着色剂与优化的分子量载体树脂的良好混合
The molecular weight of the carrier resin also needs to be optimized to ensure good mixing and dispersion of the color in the polymer formulation. Even when the carrier resin is compatible with the base resin, it is often the case that the melt flow rate or MFR of the carrier resin is 8 to 10 times higher than that of the base material. This has the overall effect of introducing a low molecular weight constituent into the final part. This reduces the properties of the part as well as the processing window that is available for the production of the part.
载体树脂的分子量也需要优化，以确保在聚合物配方中着色剂的良好混合和分散。即使当载体树脂与基体树脂相容时，载体树脂的MFR常常是基体树脂的8-10倍。这样会将低分子量组分导入到最终部件。这将减少部件的性能以及生产该部件的窗口。
urther, the use of dramatically different viscositymaterials leads to segregation rather than mixing. This issue is generally resolved by closely matching themelt viscosities of the carrier resin and the base resin to guarantee good mixing of the color in the finalpolymer formulation.
此外，使用粘度相差太大的材料会导致分相而不是混合。这个问题通常的解决方法是，密切匹配载体树脂和基体树脂的粘度，以保证颜料在最终聚合物配方中的良好混合。
Conclusion
As has been discussed in this Article, there are several key challenges thatare faced with the use of colored plastics for different applications. Some ofthose challenges are based on the specific chemistry of the colorant system that is being utilized. Other challenges are focused onthe polymertype that is being colored in theformulation and issues that are associated with the use of particular polymers.Those challenges can be placed into the general category of materialschallenges.
如同本文上述讨论的那样，使用着色塑料用于不同应用，会存在一些关键挑战。一些挑战是基于所用着色体系的特定化学结构。其它挑战集中于配方中所着色聚合物的类型以及使用特定聚合物相关的问题。这些挑战可以划分到材料挑战的一般类型之中。
Several approaches to limit the effects of these concerns on the performance ofthe colored plastic have been presented and explained.
人们提出和解释了一些方法来限定对这些着色塑料性能的担心。
The other type of challenge that has been discussed is related to the equipment thatis typically used to add color to a plastic. Specifically, in the use ofmasterbatches, it is recommended that meteringweight feeders be employed to minimize the variation in the loading level ofthe color. This will improve the consistencyand overall quality of the final colored plastic. As such, the performance ofthe produced part of the colored polymer will exhibit the desiredcharacteristics and features that are wanted by the manufacturer.
讨论过的其它类型的挑战与添加颜料到塑料中所使用的设备有关。具体讲，在使用母粒时，推荐使用计量失重喂料机，以最小化在颜料添加水平上的波动。这将改进最终着色制品的均匀性和综合质量。同样，着色聚合物的生产部件的性能将展示所需要的特征，而这些特征正是制造商所需要的。
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